Anthropic Defies Pentagon As AI Goes To War!

The Work Behind the Writing: On Writers and Their Day Jobs

Key Points

• Melville served 19 years as a U.S. Customs Inspector, with fixed hours, low pay, and no raises.
• Ed Simon worked six months in USPS communications, editing a regional newsletter and covering operational topics.
• The article highlights the contrast between writers’ creative ambitions and the routine nature of government day jobs.

Even the Mars Rover Uses Zip Ties (2021)

Key Points

• Perseverance uses ABB Ty-Rap ETFE cable ties to secure rover wiring.
• ETFE Ty-Rap ties resist extreme radiation and heat and are off-the-shelf products.
• ABB has supplied these ties to NASA missions since 1973, including earlier rovers.

Out of Light Adjust Share: Caravaggio, La Tour, and the Art of Attention

Key Points

• Caravaggio’s Saint Matthew cycle at San Luigi dei Francesi is illuminated by coin-operated chapel lights.
• The article describes Caravaggio’s technique of a bright ray piercing darkness to focus narrative action.
• Scaffolding hid the paintings during Jubilee preparations on a subsequent visit.

A 26-Gram Butterfly-Inspired Robot Achieving Autonomous Tailless Flight

Key Points

• 26 g tailless, two‑winged FWMAV achieves fully onboard, closed‑loop flight.
• STAR generator and attitude controller enable stable pitch/yaw and maneuvering.
• Validated climbs and turns via angle offset or stroke timing modulation.

RK3588 and RK3576 video decoders support merged in the upstream Linux Kernel

Key Points

• Upstream Linux adds VDPU381/383 support for hardware H.264/HEVC decoding on RK3588/RK3576.
• New V4L2 HEVC controls for explicit Short-Term and Long-Term RPS are introduced.
• IOMMU reset recovery fix restores mappings by reprogramming domains; userspace support lands in GStreamer 1.28 with FFmpeg work in progress.

Show HN: Better Hub – A better GitHub experience

Key Points

• Enumerates GitHub permissions tied to features across repos, orgs, notifications, CI/CD, projects, and discussions.
• Includes security-related access (Dependabot, audit logs) and GPG key management for commit signing.
• Claims encrypted, permission-scoped storage of user access tokens.

Tell HN: YC companies scrape GitHub activity, send spam emails to users

Key Points

• Unsolicited emails allegedly derived from GitHub activity were sent by Run Anywhere and Voice.AI.
• The author believes commit metadata is used to identify emails and topical relevance.
• Complaints were filed and GitHub/YC Ethics were contacted; responses are pending.

Show HN: Modern Reimplementation of the Speck Molecule Renderer

Key Points

• Modern Speck modernizes the Speck renderer with WebGL 2, PicoGL.js, and a TypeScript/Vite toolchain.
• Performance features include MRT for combined outputs and instanced rendering for atoms and bonds.
• Post-processing uses ping-pong rendering for AO and FXAA; a Tweakpane UI and npm scripts are provided.

You Want to Visit the UK? You Better Have a Google Play or App Store Account

Key Points

• ETA required from February 2026 for visitors from 85 additional countries.
• Government prioritizes the UK ETA mobile app for applications and payment.
• An online application path exists but is buried behind app-promoting pages.

Hightouch (YC S19) Is Hiring

Key Points

• Series C startup Hightouch is hiring and outlines its culture and values.
• Flexible work options include remote roles and offices in SF, NYC, Charlotte, and London.
• US benefits include full health premium coverage, 80% for dependents, life insurance, a $50 connectivity stipend, and $150 commuter benefits.

The Physics and Economics of Moving 44 Tonnes at 56mph

Key Points

• EU speed limiters cap heavy trucks at 90 km/h (~56 mph), enforced via the engine ECU.
• A 44-tonne truck’s payload is ~28–29 tonnes after accounting for tractor, trailer, and fuel weight.
• Annual truck fuel use is ~43,000 L, costing ~£50,000 and emitting ~113 tonnes of CO₂.

Men in their 50s may be aging faster due to toxic 'forever chemicals'

Key Points

• PFAS exposure showed the strongest link to accelerated epigenetic aging in men aged 50–65.
• Study used NHANES 1999–2000 data with PFAS measurements and DNA methylation analysis via epigenetic clocks.
• Industry response emphasizes study limitations and lack of causal proof.

Technical Excellence Is Not Enough

Key Points

• Organizations often defer corrective changes until failures make costs unavoidable.
• A simple code quality trend tool example illustrates how preventive visibility can be rejected.
• Consensus can act as a veto when approval is required from those affected by the change.

Show HN: Agent Swarm – Multi-agent self-learning teams (OSS)

Key Points

• Open-source multi-agent orchestration for AI coding assistants with Docker-based workers and a lead agent.
• Multiple deployment options (Docker Compose, local API + Docker workers, or Claude Code as lead) with simple configuration.
• Compounding memory using OpenAI embeddings, plus integrations with Slack, GitHub, and a real-time dashboard.

Fentanyl makeover: Core structural redesign could lead to safer pain medications

Key Points

• Redesigned fentanyl analog retains analgesia and reduces respiratory depression.
• No beta-arrestin pathway recruitment observed in the new compound.
• Short-acting profile with ~27-minute half-life reported.

Nihilistic Violent Extremism

Key Points

• NVE is defined as violence without cohesive ideological motivation, rooted in misanthropy.
• Associated groups include 764 and No Lives Matter; links to sexual exploitation crimes are noted.
• FBI reported a sharp rise in NVE-related investigations in 2025 compared to 2024.

Anthropic ditches its core safety promise

Key Points

• Anthropic replaces its strict safety policy with a flexible, nonbinding framework.
• The new Frontier Safety Roadmap sets public goals and transparency reports.
• Pentagon pressure coincides with the change; Anthropic says the matters are separate.

Number of UK workers on zero-hours contracts hits record high ahead of crackdown

Key Points

• Record 1.23m UK workers on zero-hours contracts; up 91,000 year-on-year.
• Planned reforms: guaranteed hours, reasonable notice, and compensation for cancelled shifts under the Employment Rights Act.
• Young and female workers are disproportionately affected; reliance for full-time work at a record 32.8%.

What podcasts are you listening to?

Key Points

• The post requests recommendations for well-produced, engaging podcasts.
• No genre, format, or other constraints are provided.
• The goal is to gather community-sourced, high-quality listening suggestions.

Those who can, teach history

Key Points

• Malcolm Oxley’s memorial illustrates the enduring impact of inspired sixth-form History teaching.
• Great History teaching combines skepticism, humor, contrarianism, and historiographical mastery.
• History relies on imaginative reconstruction, bringing past worlds to life through evidence.

Story of XZ Backdoor [video]

Key Points

• Explains how the XZ backdoor infiltrated a widely used operating system.
• Highlights the broader implications of a core software compromise.
• Includes a NordVPN sponsorship with a 30-day money-back guarantee.

just-bash: Bash for Agents

Key Points

• TypeScript-based simulated Bash with in-memory virtual filesystem for AI agents.
• Secure-by-default model: no binaries/WASM and no network unless allow-listed via curl.
• Supports multiple filesystem backends and custom TypeScript commands via defineCommand.

Some silly Z3 scripts I wrote

Key Points

• Z3 is introduced and demonstrated via Python (z3-solver) for constraint modeling and solving.
• A four-number equal-sum-and-product puzzle is modeled and shown unsatisfiable, with a brief proof.
• Z3 helpers (IntVector, Sum, Product, Distinct) enable concise modeling for larger variable sets.

BuildKit: Docker's Hidden Gem That Can Build Almost Anything

Key Points

• BuildKit uses LLB, a protobuf-based IR, to describe builds as a DAG with strong caching and reproducibility.
• Frontends are pluggable container images that convert specs (e.g., YAML, TOML) into LLB via the Gateway API.
• --output enables flexible results (images, local dirs, tar, OCI), supporting non-image artifacts like packages.

In 2025, Meta paid an effective federal tax rate of 3.5%

Key Points

• Meta’s effective federal tax rate in 2025 is claimed to be 3.5%, the lowest on record.
• Meta is said to be spending $65 million on elections this year to back AI‑friendly candidates.
• The post is authored by Robert Reich and appears on Bluesky, timestamped 2026‑02‑25.

New AirSnitch attack breaks Wi-Fi encryption in homes, offices, and enterprises

Key Points

• AirSnitch bypasses Wi‑Fi client isolation by exploiting low-level network behaviors.
• The attack applies across multiple router vendors and firmware platforms.
• The research was presented at NDSS 2026 and highlights risks beyond traditional cryptographic flaws.

Ferret-UI Lite: Lessons from Building Small On-Device GUI Agents

Key Points

• Compact 3B on-device GUI agent built with diverse data, chain-of-thought, and RL.
• Strong benchmark results in GUI grounding and navigation tasks.
• Related works expand UI understanding across multiple platforms.

Time Is Different

Key Points

• The article positions AI hype within a long pattern of tech fads and cycles.
• Most previously hyped technologies persist in niche forms; Quibi is noted as an exception.
• It argues against winner‑takes‑all narratives, asserting AI will be one among many technologies.

Nano Banana 2: Google's latest AI image generation model

Key Points

• Nano Banana 2 (Gemini 3.1 Flash Image) combines Nano Banana Pro features with Gemini Flash speed.
• Rolling out across the Gemini app, Google Search, and Ads for faster, high-quality image creation.
• Google is enhancing SynthID with C2PA Content Credentials for AI content identification.

Why Developers Keep Choosing Claude over Every Other AI

Key Points

• Benchmark leadership doesn’t guarantee reliability in real coding workflows.
• Claude is described as more consistent at multi-step, process-driven tasks than competitors.
• Realistic benchmarks like SWE-bench help but still miss parts of interactive development.

Bild AI (YC W25) Is Hiring Interns to Make Housing Affordable

Key Points

• SF-based internships to build CV/AI solutions for construction workflows.
• Required stack: JavaScript, Python, React, TypeScript, ML/DL, CV, plus LLMs.
• Emphasis on rapid prototyping, user feedback, and end-to-end project ownership.

Open Source Endowment – new funding source for open source maintainers

Key Points

• Donations form a permanent principal; only investment returns are spent (~5% target).
• Grantmaking is open, data-driven, and co-developed with Members and the community.
• Donors of $1,000+ become OSE Members who participate in governance.

Will vibe coding end like the maker movement?

Key Points

• Vibe coding is analyzed through parallels with the 2005–2015 Maker Movement.
• The Maker scene produced influential figures and companies (e.g., Chris Anderson, 3D Robotics).
• Making emphasized personal transformation over product outcomes.

Better to Skip a Year for Hardware Upgrades?

Key Points

• Poll shows strong intent to delay or skip upgrades in 2026.
• Component prices for GPUs, RAM, and NVMe have risen sharply.
• Upscaling and frame generation reduce reliance on new hardware.

The Pentagon Feuding with an AI Company Is a Bad Sign

Key Points

• Anthropic’s $200 million Pentagon contract to deploy Claude in classified systems.
• Policy clash over AI use, including concerns about lethal autonomous operations.
• Defense memo directing AI vendors to remove restrictions, with possible termination of the partnership discussed.

Google Street View in 2026

Key Points

• 131 JSON files (647 MB) were downloaded and converted to an 85 MB, 7,163,407‑row Parquet file.
• DuckDB v1.4.3 with multiple extensions handled JSON parsing, spatial functions, and Parquet export.
• The release lacks data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Namibia, Paraguay, and Vietnam.

SynthID

Key Points

• SynthID embeds invisible watermarks in AI-generated images, audio, text, and video.
• Watermarks are added at creation, preserve quality, and resist common edits.
• A SynthID Detector portal lets users upload content to verify watermark presence.

Steering interpretable language models with concept algebra

Key Points

• Steerling-8B enables inference-time concept algebra with no retraining or prompt engineering.
• A concept module provides an interpretable, linear handle over logits for native control.
• Mask-aligned injection ensures reliable steering during diffusion decoding while preserving text quality.

Show HN: Hacker Smacker – spot great (and terrible) HN commenters at a glance

Key Points

• Marks HN authors as friend/foe and shows FOAF relationships to highlight quality comments.
• Available across Chrome/Edge, Firefox, and Safari with manual install options.
• Open-source on GitHub; backend uses Redis sets with CoffeeScript/Node.js and informed NewsBlur’s social layer.

I baked a pie every day for a year and it changed my life

Key Points

• Retired city planner baked and gave away a pie daily for a year using local ingredients.
• Project fostered routine and social connection after mild cognitive impairment diagnosis.
• Continues creative habits; won state fair Best of Show and is writing a book.

Twitch: "Hey, come back! This commercial break can't play while you're away."

Key Points

• Twitch ad breaks show a prompt requiring tab and window focus for ads to play.
• The post tagging @Twitch and @TwitchSupport gained about 1.5M views.
• The post shows at least 814 replies, indicating significant discussion.

Show HN: Beehive – Multi-Workspace Agent Orchestrator

Key Points

• Open-source macOS app that integrates repos, workspaces, terminals, and agents.
• Isolated git-clone workspaces with persistent PTY terminals and live branch tracking.
• Flexible agent panes support Claude Code and other CLI agents for side-by-side workflows.

Show HN: Mission Control – Open-source task management for AI agents

Key Points

• Open-source, local-first task management built for AI agents.
• Agent-oriented automation with Orchestrator, Autonomous Daemon, and Claude Code integration.
• Token-optimized API, robust testing/CI, and accessibility features for reliability.

iPhone and iPad approved to handle classified NATO information

Key Points

• iPhone and iPad on iOS 26/iPadOS 26 are approved for NATO Restricted classified use.
• Certification follows BSI’s exhaustive evaluation and NATO assurance compliance.
• iOS 26 and iPadOS 26 are listed in the NATO Information Assurance Product Catalogue.

He saw an abandoned trailer. Then, uncovered a surveillance network

Key Points

• California permitted federal agencies to deploy ALPRs on state highways near the border.
• Dozens of hidden devices now log plates and feed data into federal databases.
• Privacy and legal concerns have been raised about the program’s compliance with state law.

Show HN: Deff – side-by-side Git diff review in your terminal

Key Points

• Rust TUI for side-by-side Git diff review with search, navigation, and syntax highlighting.
• Supports upstream-ahead and explicit range strategies, plus an option to include uncommitted changes.
• Curl-based installer and GitHub release workflow deliver binaries for Linux and macOS.

Launch HN: Cardboard (YC W26) – Agentic video editor

Key Points

• Generates a strong first pass quickly for faster workflows.
• Supports captions, beat-aligned pacing, and share-ready exports.
• Preserves user control while AI accelerates repetitive tasks.

Show HN: Rev-dep – 20x faster knip.dev alternative build in Go

Key Points

• Consolidates many dependency hygiene checks into a single, parallelized CI-enforced pass.
• Built in Go with first-class monorepo support (pnpm, yarn, npm) and TS/exports resolution.
• Claims 10x–200x speedups, auditing ~500k+ LOC in ~500ms.

The Wolfram S Combinator Challenge

Key Points

• S and K were defined by Moses Schönfinkel in 1920 and are jointly universal.
• Stephen Wolfram conjectured in 2020 that S alone might be universal.
• The challenge calls for a formal proof or disproof of S’s standalone universality.

What Claude Code Chooses

Key Points

• Claude Code often prefers custom/DIY implementations under open-ended prompts.
• High-confidence external picks include GitHub Actions (94%), Stripe (91%), and shadcn/ui (90%).
• Study covered 2,430 runs across 3 models, 4 project types, and 20 categories, with an 85.3% extraction rate.

OsmAnd's Faster Offline Navigation

Key Points

• Custom Highway Hierarchy (HH) routing promises up to 100x faster calculations versus bidirectional A*.
• Example benchmark: 13s with HH (C++) vs 36s with 2-phase A*; 2-phase A* remains 5–10x slower.
• Two-level, cluster-based design with precomputed inter-cluster shortcuts enables fast offline routing while keeping global car data ≈800MB.

Museum of Plugs and Sockets

Key Points

• Digital museum is non-commercial and not responding to order-related emails.
• Updates paused due to health issues; submissions discouraged.
• Content is informational only, with safety and liability disclaimers.

Lidar waveforms are worth 40x128x33 words

Key Points

• Transformer-based learned DSP processes full and neighboring lidar waveforms to produce multi-echo point clouds.
• Demonstrated gains: 32 cm Chamfer distance vs peak finding, 20 cm vs transient imaging; range +17 m (fog), +14 m (nominal).
• Open-access via CVF; final proceedings on IEEE Xplore; hosting powered by Microsoft Azure.

America, and probably the world, stands on a precipice

Key Points

• Alleged demand for unrestricted military use of Anthropic’s AI, including autonomous weapons and surveillance.
• Claimed deadline to bypass Congress and force rapid compliance.
• Call to contact U.S. lawmakers; related bill to block AI nuclear launch failed to pass.

Smartphone Mkt to Decline 13% in '26, Largest Drop Ever Due to Memory Shortage

Key Points

• Shipments down 12.9% YoY in 2026 to 1.12B units due to memory shortage.
• ASP up 14% to $523; sub-$100 segment becomes uneconomical.
• Largest regional drops: Middle East & Africa (-20.6%), APAC ex Japan & China (-13.1%), China (-10.5%).

The Ur-"Conspiracy": History of a Pseudoconcept

Key Points

• Yates reframed the Rosicrucian manifestos as Bacon‑influenced reformist propaganda.
• The “alchemical wedding” is tied to the 1613 Elizabeth Stuart–Frederick V marriage.
• The article links these ideas to the Royal Society’s founding and science’s rise.

What does " 2>&1 " mean?

Key Points

• fd 1 is stdout; fd 2 is stderr.
• “2>1” writes stderr to a file named “1”, not to stdout.
• “2>&1” merges stderr into the current stdout destination.

Hydroph0bia – a fixed SecureBoot bypass for UEFI firmware based on Insyde H2O

Key Points

• Only Dell has released fixes; others lag or provide timelines.
• Main remediation resides in SecureFlashDxe, with secure variable handling and policy enforcement.
• Tool-driven diffing and size analysis pinpointed changes across UEFI drivers.

Statement from Dario Amodei on Our Discussions with the Department of War

Key Points

• Anthropic reports Claude is deployed across U.S. national security networks and missions.
• Two contract exclusions: mass domestic surveillance and fully autonomous weapons.
• Anthropic claims it sacrificed significant revenue and supports chip export controls to protect U.S. AI leadership.

Understanding the Go Runtime: The Memory Allocator

Key Points

• Escape analysis decides stack vs. heap, triggering allocations only when needed.
• The runtime avoids slow OS calls by preallocating large memory chunks (≈64MB on most 64-bit systems).
• Goroutine stacks come from the heap but are managed differently than heap objects.

Anthropic says company 'cannot in good conscience accede' to Pentagon's demands

Key Points

• Anthropic refuses Pentagon demands for unrestricted AI use despite a Friday ultimatum.
• Pentagon threatens supply chain risk designation and possible use of the Defense Production Act.
• Lawmakers criticize Pentagon’s handling; broader calls for binding AI governance.

Netflix Backs Out of Warner Bros. Bidding, Paramount Set to Win

Key Points

• Netflix exits the bidding; Paramount Skydance’s offer deemed superior by WBD.
• PSKY terms: $31/share, ticking fee, $7B regulatory termination fee; covers $2.8B breakup fee to Netflix.
• Deal faces U.S. and European regulatory approvals and political scrutiny.

An Introduction to the Codex Seraphinianus, the Strangest Book Ever Published

Key Points

• Serafini says the Codex’s script is intentionally meaningless, akin to a Rorschach test.
• Abe Books describes the Codex as an encyclopedia of a surreal world with wide-ranging chapters.
• A newer Rizzoli edition is available; first editions exceed $6,000.

Palantir's AI Is Playing a Major Role in Tracking Gaza Aid Deliveries

Key Points

• Palantir reportedly operates within the CMCC to track Gaza aid using integrated data and drone monitoring.
• CENTCOM established the CMCC to oversee ceasefire implementation and aid; it is now the Board of Peace’s operational HQ.
• UN Special Rapporteur Albanese raised concerns and reported Palantir’s provision of predictive policing and battlefield AI tools.

Cronboard: A terminal-based dashboard for managing cron jobs

Key Points

• Terminal app to manage local and remote cron jobs with creation, editing, deletion, and pause/resume.
• SSH-based remote management with support for passwords and keys; respects known_hosts defaults.
• Multiple installation methods (git+pip, Homebrew, uv, AUR); built with Textual, Python crontab, Paramiko, Cron descriptor.

Hacking Tauri for Designer

Key Points

• Shim __TAURI_INTERNALS__ in the browser and relay invoke/events over WebSocket.
• Use a Vite plugin to inject shim.js and restore Tauri globals.
• Employ a staging build as the Rust backend to enable fast UI iteration.

LiteLLM (YC W23): Founding Reliability Engineer – $200K-$270K and 0.5-1.0% equity

Key Points

• Hiring first Reliability Engineer with $200K–$270K salary and 0.5–1.0% equity.
• Role is ~60% reliability and ~40% performance, owning production health end-to-end.
• Focus on Python async services, Postgres scaling, and observability with strict latency targets.

Two Insider Cases We've Recently Closed

Key Points

• Two insider trading cases closed; accounts frozen and no profits withdrawn.
• Penalties: 5-year ban + 10x fine (candidate); 2-year suspension + 5x fine (editor).
• Cases reported to CFTC; fines donated; new independent oversight committee will report quarterly.

Interval Research Corporation: a 1990s PARC without a Xerox (2022)

Key Points

• Founded in 1992 by Paul Allen and David Liddle with a decade-long funding plan (1992–2002).
• Multidisciplinary research focus with collaborations across leading academic and research institutions.
• Project-centric structure with point-based time allocation informed by lessons from Xerox PARC.

Google Workers Seek 'Red Lines' on Military A.I., Echoing Anthropic

Key Points

• Google AI employees seek explicit “red lines” on military uses of Gemini.
• The letter to Jeff Dean opposes use in U.S. surveillance and some autonomous weapons.
• The move mirrors industry tensions highlighted by the Anthropic–Pentagon standoff.

The Hunt for Dark Breakfast – Can we derive breakfasts we have never observed?

Key Points

• Breakfast is modeled as a vector space defined by milk-egg-flour ratios.
• A gap in the mapped space suggests potential unobserved “dark breakfasts.”
• IHOP’s omelettes containing pancake batter validate hybrid positions in the manifold.

Parakeet.cpp – Parakeet ASR inference in pure C++ with Metal GPU acceleration

Key Points

• Pure C++ ASR inference with Axiom and Metal acceleration; no Python/ONNX.
• Supports offline, streaming, and diarization across multiple Parakeet models.
• Reported ~27 ms encoder inference for 10 s audio on Apple Silicon (110M).

Move tests to closed source repo

Key Points

• Migrate all Vitest and Playwright tests, configs, and utilities to a closed-source repo.
• Set up private CI to run the full suite against SDK packages before deleting public tests.
• Preserve per-package polyfills, global setups, and config inheritance to maintain test parity.

Bending the CLOS Mop for Java-Style Single Dispatch

Key Points

• CLOS multi-dispatch clashed with Java’s single dispatch, causing massive startup overhead for Clojure on OpenLDK.
• SBCL’s PCL repeatedly rebuilt discrimination nets during rapid class loading, preventing cache stabilization.
• A custom metaclass with receiver-class caches (including for invokespecial) replaced the default discriminating function.

A Nationwide Book Ban Bill Has Been Introduced in the House of Representatives

Key Points

• H.R. 7661 would bar ESEA funds for materials deemed “sexually oriented” for minors.
• The bill’s definitions include topics such as “gender dysphoria or transgenderism.”
• Recent state and local policies cited have removed LGBTQ+-related books, with some facing lawsuits.

Demystifying Debuggers, Part 5: Instruction-Level Stepping and Breakpoints

Key Points

• Adds a command loop for Resume, Quit, InstStep, and SetBreakpoint to a basic Windows debugger.
• Uses CreateProcessA, WaitForDebugEvent, and ContinueDebugEvent to manage the debuggee lifecycle.
• Defines when the debugger should pause (exceptions, single-step/trap) versus continue (e.g., thread creation).

80386 Protection

Key Points

• Segmentation and optional paging form the 80386’s two-layer protection system.
• A PLA-based Protection Test Unit parallelizes privilege checks to reduce microcode complexity.
• CR0.PG controls paging; Virtual 8086 mode enables DOS within protected multitasking.

I rendered 1,418 confusables over 230 fonts. Most aren't confusable to the eye

Key Points

• confusable-vision computes SSIM-based similarity for 1,418 TR39 pairs across system fonts.
• Targeted font discovery (fontconfig) cuts rendering by 97%, enabling 235,625 comparisons.
• Only 3.5% of confusable pairs are high-risk; most are medium or low risk.

Dear Time Lords: Freeze Computers in 1993

Key Points

• 1993 is framed as a peak year across CPUs, OSes, languages, and protocols.
• DCE/OSF-1 and Windows NT are cited for robust distributed system features.
• The web’s mainstreaming in 1994 contrasts with adequate 1993 protocols like Gopher and IRC.