China’s EV King, Scam Ads and Open Science!

Pokémon Team Optimization

Key Points

• Models team-building as a MIP with an objective to maximize total base stats.
• Includes constraints for type resistance coverage, uniqueness, and team size (1–6).
• Highlights generalizability to logistics routing and operations research methods.

Ask HN: How did you learn to code?

Key Points

• Learned fundamentals via QBASIC examples bundled with MS-DOS
• Used DEBUG to step through code and understand assembly and machine code
• Analyzed small BBS demos to study graphics and low-level techniques

Only 5 Sears stores remain in the U.S.

Key Points

• Only five Sears stores remain in the U.S., with closures expected soon.
• Seritage is selling remaining assets to repay a $1.6 billion Berkshire Hathaway loan.
• Lampert’s real estate-focused strategy never delivered a durable turnaround.

If childhood is half of subjective life, how should that change how we live?

Key Points

• Childhood may represent half of subjective life under a logarithmic time model.
• Adults can slow perceived time by seeking novelty and new experiences.
• Direct, first-hand experiences create stronger, more immediate memories than mediated ones.

Worlds largest electric ship launched by Tasmanian boatbuilder

Key Points

• Incat launched a 130‑metre battery-electric ferry for Buquebus.
• Hull 096 carries up to 2,100 passengers and 225 vehicles with over 40 MWh capacity.
• Eight electric water jets are powered by more than 250 tonnes of batteries.

Easel Turns One One year of building my own IDE in Clojure

Key Points

• Easel is a Clojure-based IDE with modular, data-sharing tools.
• Built on the JVM to leverage mature infrastructure and tooling.
• Addresses UI limitations by building custom components, inspired by historically integrated tool ecosystems.

MHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections

Key Points

• mHC restores identity mapping in widened residual architectures through manifold projection.
• Infrastructure optimizations in mHC improve efficiency and reduce memory overhead.
• Experiments show mHC delivers performance gains and scalability over HC.

Rust–: Rust without the borrow checker

Key Points

• Rust-- disables the borrow checker, allowing code that violates Rust’s borrowing rules to compile.
• Pre-built binaries are available for macOS (Apple Silicon) and Linux (x86_64) with a curl-based install.
• Examples show typical Rust borrow-checker errors compiling and running under Rust--.

Windows 11 Outperforming Linux on an Intel Arrow Lake H Laptop

Key Points

• Windows 11 led performance on the ThinkPad P1 Gen 8 across multiple workloads.
• Linux tests with OEM and 6.18 Git kernels and tuning still trailed Windows.
• Lenovo and Intel reviewed and confirmed the hardware behaved as expected.

A Christmas Present to Myself – Vector Network Analyzer (2014)

Key Points

• Compact VNWA 3E extends coverage via overclocked DDS and harmonics.
• Measures S11/S21 simultaneously; S22/S12 require manual swaps.
• Whistling from DC/DC converter reduced by gluing the inductor (MAX632).

Bluetooth Headphone Jacking: A Key to Your Phone [video]

Key Points

• Three CVEs in Airoha Bluetooth audio chips enable full device compromise.
• Compromised peripherals can attack paired smartphones via trust relationships.
• Tooling will be released to check device exposure; vendors include Sony, Marshall, Beyerdynamic.

Show HN: I created a tool to design and create foamcore inserts for boardgames

Key Points

• Design custom board game inserts tailored to foamcore and similar materials.
• Set material thickness per project for accurate, material-aware designs.
• Export an easy-to-follow cut list and share feedback via r/boxinsertdesigner.

I rebooted my social life

Key Points

• Remote work and delivery services reduced the need to leave home.
• Social ties shifted online, while local in-person connections weakened.
• Recognizing the lack of community highlighted the mental costs of isolation.

Meta made scam ads harder to find instead of removing them

Key Points

• Meta made scam ads less discoverable to oversight parties, not only removing them.
• Japan’s possible universal advertiser verification prompted cost and revenue impact estimates.
• The tactic became part of a global playbook used across multiple markets.

The Mammoth Pirates – In Russia's Arctic north, a new kind of gold rush

Key Points

• Chinese demand for mammoth ivory is fueling illegal extraction in Russia’s Arctic.
• Tuskers use illicit methods and evade police in remote Siberian sites.
• Exclusive reporting by RFE/RL’s Amos Chapple documents the trade’s conditions and impact.

A font with built-in TeX syntax highlighting

Key Points

• Font-based syntax highlighting for TeX using OpenType as a lightweight alternative to common tools
• Support for COLRv0/1 and TeX/LaTeX macro names with novel shaping rules
• Documentation in TUGboat 46:2; binaries and sources available via RIT fonts repository

ACM Is Now Open Access

Key Points

• ACM content in the Digital Library is fully open access starting January 1, 2026.
• The library is offered in two editions: free Basic and Premium with advanced tools.
• ACM highlights community collaboration and expects benefits for innovation and discovery.

OpenWorkers: Self-Hosted Cloudflare Workers in Rust

Key Points

• Cloudflare Workers–compatible, self-hosted runtime in Rust using V8 isolates.
• Includes KV, PostgreSQL, S3/R2-compatible storage, and cron scheduling.
• Simple Docker Compose deployment with a single PostgreSQL backend.

Heap Overflow in FFmpeg EXIF

Key Points

• Heap-buffer-overflow found in FFmpeg’s EXIF IFD processing, affecting PNG/JPEG/WebP/AVIF.
• EXIF handling flow: allocation in decode_exif_chunk, attachment via ff_decode_exif_attach_buffer, parsing with av_exif_parse_buffer.
• Parsing is guided by AVExifHeaderMode; common IFD tags and their roles are outlined.

2025 Letter

Key Points

• AI now dominates San Francisco’s tech scene compared to 2015’s priorities.
• Driverless cars operate in the Bay Area despite external skepticism.
• The author moved from Yale to Stanford, reflecting the West Coast’s pull.

50% of U.S. vinyl buyers don't own a record player

Key Points

• Gen Z is 27% more likely to buy vinyl; 50% of U.S. vinyl buyers lack a record player.
• RIAA: U.S. vinyl revenues rose 17% in 2022 to $1.2B; vinyl outsold CDs (41M vs 33M).
• GWI: 32% of Gen Z have taken digital detox breaks, indicating digital fatigue.

Build a Deep Learning Library

Key Points

• Build a deep learning library from scratch using NumPy.
• Implement a functional autograd engine and layer modules.
• Train MNIST with simple CNN and ResNet examples; free online with optional Gumroad support.

Python Numbers Every Programmer Should Know

Key Points

• Memory and timing benchmarks for common Python objects and operations are provided with concrete values.
• System specifications (CPython 3.14.2 on ARM Mac Mini M4 Pro, macOS Tahoe) are detailed for context.
• Benchmark source code is available on GitHub to reproduce results on other setups.

Beyond the Nat: Cgnat, Bandwidth, and Practical Tunneling

Key Points

• CGNAT conserves IPv4 but blocks inbound connectivity for residential users.
• Bandwidth quality depends on capacity, symmetry, and SLAs—not just Mbps.
• Tunneling (bore-cli, Cloudflare Tunnel) restores reachability behind CGNAT.

BYD Sells 4.6M Vehicles in 2025, Meets Revised Sales Goal

Key Points

• BYD delivered 4.6 million vehicles in 2025, up 7.7% year-over-year.
• It met a revised full-year sales target for 2025.
• BYD likely surpassed Tesla as the largest EV maker globally in 2025.

Sony PS5 ROM keys leaked – jailbreaking could be made easier with BootROM codes

Key Points

• PS5 BootROM keys allegedly leaked, enabling potential bootloader decryption.
• Leak doesn’t immediately provide a PS5 jailbreak.
• Keys are reportedly burned into the APU, making the issue unpatchable via software.

Common Lisp SDK for the Datastar Hypermedia Framework

Key Points

• Common Lisp implementation of the Datastar SDK with CLOS-based SSE support.
• Woo limits SSE by blocking a worker per connection; Hunchentoot recommended for scale.
• Compression added (zstd) and examples/tests provided for backend differences and SSE edge cases.

DHS Says DHS-Certified Real IDs Too Unreliable to Confirm U.S. Citizenship

Key Points

• DHS declared REAL ID unreliable for confirming U.S. citizenship in a court filing.
• A U.S. citizen plaintiff was twice detained during immigration raids despite presenting an Alabama REAL ID.
• State variations in REAL ID issuance, including to noncitizens, drive DHS’s need for additional verification.

Implementing HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World) Vector Search in PHP

Key Points

• HNSW replaces linear O(N) scans with layered graph navigation to accelerate vector search.
• The PHP implementation descends from high-level entry points, selecting closer neighbors via cosine similarity.
• Parameter M controls connectivity and memory; ef influences search behavior.

iOS allows alternative browser engines in Japan

Key Points

• Alternative browser engines allowed in iOS 26.2+ for Japan, limited to specific app types.
• Strict entitlement, functional test thresholds (including ≥80% Test262), and security obligations apply.
• Apple provides JIT and multiprocess support to authorized developers.

European Space Agency hit again as cybercriminals claim 200 GB data up for sale

Key Points

• ESA says a limited-impact breach hit external servers used for unclassified collaboration.
• An alleged attacker on BreachForums claims theft of 200 GB including code, tokens, and repositories.
• ESA has a pattern of past incidents involving external systems, not core networks.

Ultra-Wide Band: A Transformational Technology for the Internet of Things

Key Points

• UWB provides precise (~±10 cm) and secure ranging via Time‑of‑Flight and 2 ns impulse radio pulses.
• Security features include physics-based resistance to manipulation and cryptographic STS with out-of-band key exchange.
• Applications include touchless access control and payments, enhancing IoT digitalization and user experiences.

Autism Hasn't Increased

Key Points

• Increases are concentrated in milder autism phenotypes.
• Moderate-to-profound cases slightly decreased.
• CDC ADDM data (2000–2016) underpin the findings.

Cameras and Lenses

Key Points

• Image sensors convert photons to pixel brightness; exposure time controls overall brightness.
• Color is captured via CFA patterns like the Bayer filter with two green, one red, and one blue.
• Demosaicing (e.g., linear interpolation) reconstructs full RGB images from CFA data.

Memory Subsystem Optimizations

Key Points

• Reduce memory accesses and improve locality to leverage caches effectively.
• Use data and memory layout choices—including custom allocators—to enhance performance.
• Apply ILP techniques, software prefetching, and TLB optimizations (e.g., huge pages) to mitigate latency.

How to recognise a genuine password request

Key Points

• macOS authentication dialogs are OS-generated and consistent across types.
• Keychain dialogs request only the keychain password and show app-specific iconography.
• Touch ID dialogs have distinctive behavior (success or shake) and can expand to password entry.

C-events, yet another event loop, simpler, smaller, faster, safer

Key Points

• Unified interface for epoll, kqueue, and IOCP via wepoll
• Low-level, cross-platform non-blocking I/O with Linux-like wrappers on Windows
• Supplement to libuv offering fine-grained control and persistent event handling

Building an internal agent: Code-driven vs. LLM-driven workflows

Key Points

• Dual coordination modes: LLM-driven and script-based.
• Script coordinator uses Python with equal tool/data access and optional LLM via subagent.
• Determinism was needed after LLM misapplied Slack merge reactions on some GitHub PRs.

Show HN: Feature detection exploration in Lidar DEMs via differential decomp

Key Points

• Differential hierarchy (levels 0–4) compares residuals to hillshade and quantifies divergence.
• Supports extensive decomposition and upsampling methods with exhaustive parameter sweeps.
• Applies to terrain, infrastructure, natural features, change detection, and quality assessment.

The Curious Case of the Shallow Session SPAs

Key Points

• Independent data show SPAs average about one soft navigation per hard page load, implying shallow sessions.
• Session depth affects whether SPA complexity and JS costs pay off versus MPA or hybrid approaches.
• Browser features like Service Workers, View Transitions, and Speculation Rules may alter the calculus but depend on session patterns.

Finland detains ship and its crew after critical undersea cable damaged

Key Points

• Finland detained the cargo ship Fitburg and 14 crew over suspected damage to the Helsinki–Tallinn undersea cable.
• Authorities are investigating serious criminal offenses; services continue via backups, though a second Arelion cable was also damaged.
• The incident fits a pattern of Baltic Sea cable disruptions since 2023; NATO has initiated protective measures.

Simple 3D Packing

Key Points

• FFT-accelerated spectral algorithm packs 3D objects with GPU support.
• Demo achieves 60.8% density with 348 Thingi10K objects in a defined tray.
• Python API supports voxel/STL inputs and Blender/MagicaVoxel exports.

Quickemu: Quickly create and run optimised Windows, macOS and Linux VMs

Key Points

• Quickemu automates QEMU-based VM setup and optimization.
• Supports a wide range of guests (macOS, Windows, Ubuntu, BSDs, and others) on Linux and macOS hosts.
• Features include SPICE, multiple file-sharing methods, VirGL, TPM 2.0, and EFI/SecureBoot.

All my Deutschlandtickets gone: Fraud at an industrial scale [video]

Key Points

• Fake Deutschlandtickets were issued via d-ticket.su using a compromised signing key.
• SEPA Direct Debit abuse enabled mass ticket purchases and resale before payment settlement.
• Decentralized governance and lack of revocation/control mechanisms led to large financial losses.

Love your customers

Key Points

• Author contrasts Oracle’s and Sun’s customer cultures and recounts leaving Oracle post-acquisition.
• Colleague at Broadcom claims customers are satisfied post-VMware acquisition and adapting to subscription/core licensing.
• Author cites major VMware customers litigating against Broadcom and reiterates Oxide’s customer-centric mission.

If you care about security you might want to move the iPhone Camera app

Key Points

• Brushing the Camera app icon can trigger brief camera activation and the green privacy indicator.
• App Privacy Report confirmed the Camera app as the source of these activations.
• Relocating the Camera app icon reduced false positives and improved privacy monitoring.

Show HN: Wario Synth – Turn any song into Game Boy version

Key Points

• Emulates Game Boy’s four-channel sound via Web Audio oscillators.
• Analyzes MIDI to separate melody, bass, and chord tracks before synthesis.
• Runs fully client-side; built with TypeScript, Vite, and Claude Code.

Dell's version of the DGX Spark fixes pain points

Key Points

• GB10 fixes DGX Spark pain points (LED, 280W PSU, improved airflow).
• Aimed at Nvidia ecosystem developers; includes dual 200 Gbit QSFP ports.
• DGX OS-only support with a two-year update guarantee vs. Ubuntu LTS’s longer cycle.

Arpanet standardized TCP/IP on this day in 1983

Key Points

• ARPANET began the NCP-to-TCP/IP switch on January 1, 1983; the transition finished by June 1983.
• TCP/IP’s openness and internetworking capability drove widespread adoption; by 1984, 100+ institutions in the US and Europe were connected.
• TCP/IP’s layered design enabled features like congestion control and supported key services such as HTTP, SMTP, and DNS.

Motion and Machine

Key Points

• Silent-to-sound transition (16 fps to 24 fps) altered cinema’s aesthetic character.
• Early technological imagery helped shape modern art and film themes.
• A concise, vignette-based book on 19th‑century visual culture is proposed.

Linux is good now; to feel like you actually own your PC, put Linux on it

Key Points

• Steam survey shows Linux at ~3.2% of users, a new high.
• Bazzite delivered an easy gaming experience without command-line use.
• Key gaps remain: HDR inconsistency and anti-cheat incompatibility.

Joseph Campbell Meets George Lucas – Part I (2015)

Key Points

• George Lucas used Joseph Campbell’s mythological frameworks to shape Star Wars.
• Campbell’s Hero’s Journey, detailed in The Hero with a Thousand Faces, is central to the saga’s structure.
• Campbell and Lucas met only after the original Star Wars trilogy was completed.

A website to destroy all websites

Key Points

• The internet’s shift from diverse, user-driven sites to centralized, algorithmic platforms has altered learning and community.
• Online content is increasingly ad-optimized and short-form, often using AI text-to-speech narration.
• Broader access is good, but waves like Web 2.0/web3 changed how the web feels; the automobile analogy highlights diminishing returns from scale.

Cycling Game (Mini Neural Net Demo)

Key Points

• Riders use small neural networks with defined inputs to modulate power output and race behavior.
• Top finishers seed new generations via copies and small weight mutations, evolving performance over races.
• The simulation models realistic physics and physiology, including drafting, CwA/Cr parameters, and a W′ energy system.

How to construct complex data declaratively and progressively?

Key Points

• Adds ERD support in v2 and drops Pydantic v1/dataclass, keeping other features backward compatible.
• Integrates with FastAPI, Litestar, and Django Ninja; supports dependency visualization via fastapi-voyager.
• Provides DefineSubset, resolve/post hooks, and Loader/Resolver for efficient, declarative API data construction.

Show HN: Tasker – An open-source desktop agent for browser and OS automation

Key Points

• Open-source desktop agent in beta for browser and OS automation
• AI executes recorded or described workflows and adapts to page changes
• Free tier (BYO keys) and $15/month Pro plan with built-in model and fixed token costs

Gemini 3.0 Deciphered the Mystery of a Nuremberg Chronicle Leaf's

Key Points

• Gemini 3 Pro interpreted the four marginal roundels as a chronology conversion table for Abraham’s birth.
• The analysis reconciles Septuagint and Hebrew Bible dates using Anno Mundi and BC conversions tied to the page text.
• Workflow: five images uploaded with High Media Resolution; total cost cited as ~$0.026008.

Street-Fighting Mathematics (2008)

Key Points

• Core textbook by Sanjoy Mahajan (MIT Press, 2010) is freely available as a PDF.
• Session topics include dimensions, extreme cases, discretization, picture proofs, and simplification methods.
• Applied readings cover drag, pendulum period, operators, and estimating logarithms via musical intervals.

Prompting People

Key Points

• Frequent AI use and prompt engineering habits shaped the author’s structured speaking style.
• Explanations follow a set sequence: definition, description, anticipated questions, edge cases.
• Reactions to this style are mixed, balancing efficiency with reduced conversational interactivity.

Straussian Memes: A Lens on Techniques for Mass Persuasion

Key Points

• Defines Straussian Memes as multi-level messaging with higher and lower readings.
• Shows how social forces stabilize ambiguity and preserve broad appeal.
• Illustrates the concept through “Santa” and “Word of God” examples.

Can Bundler Be as Fast as Uv?

Key Points

• Bundler can potentially match uv’s speed through design and resolver improvements.
• RubyGems’ YAML GemSpec and dependency API enable resolution without eval or downloads.
• Uv’s strategy of ignoring Python upper bounds reduces backtracking and speeds resolution.

A silly diffuse shading model

Key Points

• Linear remap (1 + L·N)/2 removes fully black areas but brightens the scene.
• Squared remap ((1 + L·N)/2)^2 better matches Lambertian in lit regions while preserving gradient detail.
• Hermite interpolation is suggested to match Lambertian values and derivatives at boundary points.

Moving Images Related to the Apollo Missions, 1967–1969

Key Points

• Focuses primarily on Apollo 11 with additional Apollo missions covered.
• Includes astronaut training, equipment, launch prep, launches, and returns.
• Features Kennedy Space Center and Mission Control in Houston.

WebAssembly as a Python Extension Platform

Key Points

• wasmtime-py provides prebuilt binaries and higher performance than wasm3 for Python-based Wasm extensions.
• Wasm’s sandbox limits external access, focusing use cases on performance and embeddable capabilities.
• wasmtime-py’s trade-offs include larger install size (~18 MiB) and frequent API changes (around version 40).

Recreating the Bell Labs Switch Experiment with Agents

Key Points

• Recreates Hamming’s Bell Labs randomness experiment with LLM agents and a custom tool.
• Implements the setup using TypeScript, Bun, and an AI SDK with generateText.
• Uses guardrails to enforce exactly 20 tool calls and manage iterative theory formation.

Show HN: Enroll, a tool to reverse-engineer servers into Ansible config mgmt

Key Points

• Two-phase workflow (Harvest, Manifest) with optional Diff for drift detection and notifications.
• Single-shot and --fqdn modes enable fast onboarding for single or multi-host environments.
• Optional SOPS (GPG) encryption secures stored harvests/manifests for disaster recovery.

Bypassing a Clever CD-Check

Key Points

• The Java app’s real entry point is gated by specific command-line arguments.
• A simple macOS shell script revealed the required invocation.
• Creating a Linux .desktop file enabled running the app without the CD or official support.

Why Prefer Textfiles? (2010)

Key Points

• Text files are historically ASCII-encoded; Unicode is increasingly replacing ASCII.
• Monospaced, widely available fonts help preserve layout and compatibility.
• Plain text is software-independent, fast to open, and avoids auto-formatting issues.

Show HN: Feather – a fresh Tcl reimplementation (WASM, Go)

Key Points

• Embeddable TCL-compatible language focused on host control and inspectability.
• Targets short, interactive tasks; not intended for large-scale or high-performance use.
• Runs via WebAssembly in browsers/Node.js; host bindings for Go, Swift, and Java.

Happy Public Domain Day 2026

Key Points

• Different copyright regimes mean varied 2026 public domain entries by region.
• U.S. additions include key 1929 books and films, notably As I Lay Dying.
• The article spotlights As I Lay Dying and Swallows and Amazons with context and creation details.

New California Laws Going into Effect in 2026

Key Points

• Courts must give verbatim immigration advisements before pleas (SB 281).
• Immigrant youth gain access to state-provided legal counsel in immigration cases (AB 1261).
• New protections and processes span child welfare reforms and AI deepfake remedies (AB 779, AB 896, SB 119, AB 651, AB 621).

Why users cannot create Issues directly (Ghostty)

Key Points

• Users must open a GitHub Discussion before any Issue is created.
• Maintainers convert vetted Discussions into actionable Issues.
• Policy is based on experience that most “bugs” are misunderstandings or environment/config errors.

Extensibility: The "100% Lisp" Fallacy

Key Points

• No editor is truly “100% Lisp”; practical systems rely on non-Lisp components and platform-specific APIs.
• FFI cannot exceed the capabilities exposed by underlying systems (e.g., webviews, CSS, IMEs, screen readers).
• Workarounds (e.g., Neovim text tricks, Emacs overlays/PyQt) can extend editors where core APIs fall short.

I was wrong about TypeScript part 1

Key Points

• TypeScript doesn’t communicate thrown errors at compile time, pushing error discovery to runtime.
• Try/catch handling is considered verbose and often unclear about the source or type of errors.
• Overuse of ‘any’ and permissive assertions can weaken TypeScript’s type safety.

Marmot – A distributed SQLite server with MySQL wire compatible interface

Key Points

• Leaderless, MySQL-compatible distributed SQLite with 2PC and gossip-based membership.
• DDL replication with distributed locks, idempotency, and schema version tracking.
• Standard MySQL clients supported; scripts provided for quick start and replication testing.

AI Futures Model: Dec 2025 Update

Key Points

• Updated model projects longer timelines to full coding automation than prior AI 2027 estimates.
• Shift driven mainly by refined modeling of AI R&D automation and pre-automation speedups.
• Interactive site offers detailed documentation and user-adjustable parameters for exploration.

California Delete Request and Opt-out Platform (DROP)

Key Points

• DROP lets California residents request deletion of their data from brokers for free.
• Starting August 1, 2026, brokers must delete data within 90 days of a request.
• Residency verification is handled via the California Identity Gateway or Login.gov without an account.

China's BYD set to overtake Tesla as top EV seller

Key Points

• BYD’s 2025 sales top 2.25 million, likely surpassing Tesla’s annual EV deliveries.
• Tesla faced a tougher year and cut prices on key US models to bolster demand.
• BYD’s international expansion continued despite tariffs, with the UK leading growth outside China.

DENT: A network operating system (NOS) for everyone else

Key Points

• Standardized NOS built on Linux Kernel and Switchdev
• Simplifies abstractions, APIs, and drivers to reduce overhead
• Hardware-agnostic design to support disaggregated networks

James Moylan, engineer behind arrow signaling which side to refuel a car, dies

Key Points

• Jim Moylan, inventor of the fuel-side indicator arrow, has died at 80.
• The arrow was conceived in 1986 and appeared in Ford vehicles by 1989, later spreading industry-wide.
• Moylan’s Ford career spanned from 1968 to his 2003 retirement, including international work tied to Ford–Mazda.

A confession from a mainstream food delivery app engineer

Key Points

• “Priority Delivery” allegedly does not affect dispatch speed and was bolstered by tests delaying standard orders.
• A hidden “Desperation Score” purportedly routes high-paying jobs away from drivers labeled as desperate.
• A benefits-labeled fee is alleged to support lobbying, and predictive modeling reduces base pay when high tips are expected.

Five archetypes of small-scale fisheries reveal a continuum of strategies

Key Points

• Five archetypes identified from 1,000+ small-scale fisheries covering two-thirds of global catch.
• FAO principles used to align archetype-specific policies with SDG targets.
• Framework supports decisions in data-limited contexts and may transfer to other food sectors.